Fishery byproducts evaluated as feeding stimulants in plant-based shrimp diets

Lytha Conquest Dong-Fang Deng, Ph.D. Warren G. Dominy, Ph.D. Peter J. Bechtel, Ph.D. Scott Smiley, Ph.D.

Effectiveness of byproducts depends on inclusion levels

stimulants
Shrimp feed consumption was evaluated in a series of 55-L tanks, each containing two bowls loaded with a test diet or commercial feed.

Feed palatability or attractability becomes a concern when marine fishmeal or fish oil is replaced by plant protein or plant oil in aquatic feeds. Diet supplementation with feeding stimulants is a common approach to maintaining palatability in aquafeed.

Purified chemicals such as amino acids and nucleotides, and extracts from marine organism have been widely used as feeding stimulants in shrimp feeds. These products, however, can be expensive or limited in availability. Other cost-effective and available additives will be needed to meet the increasing demand for feeding stimulants by aquatic feed producers.

Fishery byproducts

The fishery of the United States’ northernmost state, Alaska, is the largest in the world, with nearly 1.86 million metric tons (MT) of fish and shellfish harvested in 2009. Although up to 70 percent of this volume was recovered for human food production, the fishery also generated a significant volume of byproducts. Most of the fishery by-products were not well utilized and became waste.

Studies have shown that a lot of those byproducts, such as viscera and frames, contained not only good level of proteins, but also other compounds like peptides and other solubles, which can function as feeding stimulants for fish or shrimp.

The authors recently carried out a study to evaluate the effects of the Alaskan fisheries byproducts on feeding responses of Pacific white shrimp fed a plant protein-based diet. The study was funded through a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service and a cooperative agreement with the University of Alaska-Fairbanks.

Feeding study

Nine Alaskan fisheries byproducts from commercial fish-processing plants in Kodiak, Alaska, were supplied by the University of Alaska’s Fishery Industrial Technology Center (Table 1). All by-products were dried, milled and stored frozen until use. A reference diet was formulated with 75 percent soybean meal and 25 percent whole hard red winter wheat.

Conquest, Proximate composition of ingredients, Table 1

IngredientMoisture (g/kg)Protein (g/kg)Lipid (g/kg)
Soybean meal66.5483.018.671.6
Hard red winter wheat85.7139.318.316.7
Pollock bones127.8380.940.8416.4
Tanner crab carapaces and viscera49.4
358.687.0282.4
Pink salmon livers102.7686.3102.041.4
Pink salmon milt85.3845.530.3124.9
Arrowtooth heads, viscera112.8329.7370.7105.0
Black cod viscera293.3365.8198.335.1
Dried skate72.4875.618.1118.2
Salmon heads, smoked29.0576.0276.0109.0
Salmon heads, smoked and fermented18.0553.0209.092.0
Commercial diet A94.4404.877.892.6
Commercial diet B97.0416.179.294.0
Table 1. Proximate composition of ingredients used in test diets for Pacific white shrimp.

The test diets were formulated by replacing the reference diet with 3.0 percent or 5.0 percent of a byproduct. A commercial diet with 40.0 percent protein and 2.5 percent squid meal was included in each trial as a positive control. The diets were pelleted to a size of 2.4 x 3.0 mm for the feeding trial.

The water stability of the pellets was measured in saltwater at 25 degrees-C in triplicate using a static method. Feed was weighed into a 250-mL flask with 100 mL of seawater and left undisturbed for one hour before retention of dry matter was measured.

All trials were conducted in flow-through tanks equipped with 55 L of 25 degrees-C seawater with 31 ppt salinity. There were 10 shrimp per tank with five or six replicates per dietary treatment. Individual shrimp ranged from 7.4 to 9.9 grams. The feed consumption was monitored for four consecutive days for each trial. Feeding stimulus was measured once daily for four consecutive days.

Each tank had one bowl for the reference diet and another bowl for a test diet. Twenty-five pellets of a diet were loaded into each bowl. The shrimp were allowed to feed for 60 minutes before the remaining pellets were counted. To avoid interference from a rheotactic response, air and water flow were discontinued one hour prior to feeding and restored immediately after the assessment. After the test, the feed and bowls were removed, and an additional bowl was placed in the tank for the overnight feed.

Results

The proximate composition varied significantly among different by-products (Table 1). Protein levels ranged from 330 to more than 850 g/kg. Lipid levels were between 18.1 and 370 grams per kg. The water stability of the pellets was not significantly affected by supplementation of the by-products (Table 2).

Conquest, Pellet water stability, Table 2

Trial 1
Pollock bones (50 g/kg)88.518.3 ± 7.28.8 ± 2.99.5No
Tanner crab carapaces and viscera (50 g/kg)88.720.5 ± 8.45.2 ± 3.615.3No
Pink salmon livers (50 g/kg)87.827.5 ± 10.511.3 ± 7.216.2Yes
Pink salmon milt (50 g/kg)89.916.0 ± 6.412.8 ± 4.53.2No
Commercial diet A90.029.0 ± 2.43.3 ± 1.825.7Yes
Trial 2
Arrowtooth flounder heads, viscera (30 g/kg)89.021.6 ± 8.712.2 ± 4.79.4No
Arrowtooth flounder heads, viscera (50 g/kg)84.827.2 ± 9.98.2 ± 2.819.0Yes
Black cod viscera (30 g/kg)87.718.2 ± 5.93.2 ± 1.015.0No
Black cod viscera (50 g/kg)85.930.2 ± 4.99.0 ± 1.921.2Yes
Dried skate (30g/kg)
89.914.4 ± 5.77.6 ± 3.66.8No
Dried skate (50 g/kg)86.916.2 ± 2.84.2 ± 2.312.0Yes
Commercial diet B86.925.6 ± 5.27.6 ± 4.118.0Yes
Trial 3
Salmon heads, smoked (30 g/kg)90.47.3 ± 1.93.7 ± 2.03.7No
Salmon heads, smoked (50 g/kg)89.412.7 ± 5.54.3 ± 1.08.3No
Salmon heads, smoked and fermented (30 g/kg)85.85.5 ± 2.00.8 ± 0.74.7No
Salmon heads, smoked and fermented (50 g/kg)87.812.5 ± 6.21.5 ± 1.011.0Yes
Commercial diet B86.915.5 ± 2.12.0 ± 1.413.5Yes
* Pellet water stability (%) = 100 x (retention of dry matter (g)/dry weight of initial sample (g))
** Response = Number of test pellets consumed – number of reference pellets consumed Salmon heads provided by Dr. C. K. Bower.


Table 2. Pellet water stability and feeding responses of shrimp fed test diets.

The stimulus response for each ingredient was measured based on the difference between the numbers of pellets of each diet consumed. The feeding responses of shrimp fed the test diets were similar to the feeding responses of shrimp fed the commercial diet.

A significant feeding response was observed for the following ingredients when they were added at a level of 50 grams per kg diet: pink salmon livers, arrowtooth flounder heads and viscera, black cod viscera, dried skate and fermented-smoked salmon heads (Table 2). The addition of smoked salmon heads without fermentation did not show this effect. The by-products from fish bones and crab carapaces also did not yield a positive response in feeding.

Perspectives

Feed attractability is known to be affected by the composition of the feed ingredients and the leaching rate of soluble compounds such as amino acids, nucleotides, low-molecular-weight amines and organic acids, which had positive effects on crustacean feeding behavior. The byproducts made from fish livers, heads and/or viscera might contain similar compounds that enhance feeding responses in Pacific white shrimp.

The authors did not identify which components of the byproducts functioned as the feeding stimulants in this study. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the stimulant components in the byproducts. Results of the study also showed that the effectiveness of the byproducts as feeding stimulants depended on their inclusion levels as well as processing method used to prepare the ingredients. Post-smoking fermentation significantly improved the feeding response in shrimp, which suggested that different post-processing methods can increase the potential of a byproduct.

(Editor’s Note: This article was originally published in the March/April 2012 print edition of the Global Aquaculture Advocate.)