Light penetrating water is scattered and absorbed exponentially as it passes downward. The presence of dissolved organic matter and suspended solids further impedes light penetration, and different types of solids absorb different wavelengths.
In addressing waste managers – representing the governments of various Asian nations at the “Inception and Capacity-Building Workshop on National and City-Level Waste Management Strategies” in Osaka, Japan – the author recommended holistic views, focusing “upstream” and using waste management interventions to foster social capital.
While intensive shrimp farms in Australia and elsewhere are sensitive to rising energy prices, global intensification and farming innovations have led to significant improvements in shrimp farm energy efficiency. Important among the changes was the global switch to zero-exchange production of white shrimp.
Aquaculture managers must regularly make operational risk decisions that affect efficiency, competitiveness and economic performance. Although qualified managers can make excellent decisions, human nature potentially limits their results.
Acid rain typically does not heavily affect aquaculture operations, and application of agricultural limestone can buffer water against the impacts of acid rain at facilities that use stream water.
The AquaFish Innovation Lab has conducted research using value chain analysis as a tool to increase income and nutrition for small-scale fish farmers through improved market participation and efficiency.
The amount of aeration can be increased as feeding rate increases to conserve energy. Aeration in shrimp ponds usually can be reduced from mid-morning until early evening. Research has demonstrated that considerable energy can be saved by using aerator automation systems.
Totoaba, a large, fast-growing fish of the Gulf of California, became endangered due to overfishing. The Mexican government therefore created an aquaculture program in Baja California to support restocking for the recovery of wild totoaba stocks.
The modeling of common water bodies to determine aquaculture carrying capacity has been identified as a critical need for countries in Southeast Asia.
The silicon plants take up in silicic acid from water strengthens cell walls. Among the phytoplankton, diatoms particularly need silicon.
The ability to maintain adequate oxygen levels can be a limiting factor in carrying capacities for RAS. The amount of oxygen required is largely dictated by the feed rate and length of time waste solids remain within the systems.
Countries seeking offshore aquaculture development must comply with requirements to prevent and control pollution. LOS articles grant coastal states the right to construct aquaculture facilities within their exclusive economic zones and ban others from construction there.
A partnership among the private, academic and government sectors is advancing the development of mariculture in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ongoing projects include a marine fish hatchery, demonstration unit and experimental integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system.
One of the most important ways to prepare for certification audits is through staff meetings that review job descriptions and management practices, as well as employee behavior, such as hygiene and record keeping. Internal auditing is also key to a positive outcome for audits.
Hydrogen sulfide, which can form in pond bottom sediment, is toxic to aquatic animals because it interferes with reoxidation of cytochrome a3 in respiration.
An in-pond raceway system for intensive pond aquaculture was successfully demonstrated in China by the international marketing program of the U.S. Soybean Export Council.